WORK-RELATED COGNITIVE RESERVE PREDICTS COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING AND DEPRESSION IN OLDER ADULTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol7.5116Keywords:
cognitive reserve, work-related cognitive reserve, depression, cognitive functioning, older adultsAbstract
In the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in people aged over 65 – in Latvia, it constitutes 34% of the population. It has been well established that depression is one of the psychiatric diseases often comorbid to dementia, therefore it is important to identify life-style related factors that could contribute not only to the delay of dementia symptoms but also decrease the possibility of depression in older adults. Thus the study aimed to investigate the relationship between work-related cognitive reserve, depression and overall cognitive functioning in older adults with no diagnosis of dementia or depression.
84 older adults aged from 65 – 92 (Mdn = 77, SD = 6.17, 76% women) with no diagnosis of dementia or depression participated in the study. To assess work-related cognitive reserve, Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (Nucci, Mapelli, & Mondini, 2012) was used, while for depression measures the 15- item Geriatric Depression Scale (Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986) was used. Overall cognitive functioning was measured using The Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (Nasreddine et al., 2015).
To identify the relationship between the three variables, Spearman correlation coefficient was used. All variables correlated significantly. Both, work-related cognitive reserve and depression, predicted cognitive functioning. These results offer an insight into the possible positive contribution of the cognitive reserve not only to cognitive functioning, but also psychological well-being later in life. More studies in larger samples should be conducted to confirm the observation from this study.
References
Andrea, H., Bültmann, U., Van Amelsvoort, L.G.P.M., & Kant, Y. (2009). The incidence of anxiety and depression among employees - The role of psychosocial work characteristics. Depression and Anxiety, 26(11), 1040–1048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20516
Collins, N., Sachs-Ericsson, N., Preacher, K.J., Sheffield, K.M., & Markides, K. (2009). Smoking increases risk for cognitive decline among community-dwelling older Mexican Americans. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry : Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(11), 934–942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181b0f8df
Enache, D., Winblad, B., & Aarsland, D. (2011). Depression in dementia: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24(6), 461–472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834bb9d4
Gale, C. R., Allerhand, M., & Deary, I.J. (2012). Is there a bidirectional relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive ability in older people? A prospective study using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychological Medicine, 42(10), 2057–2069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000402
Goodarzi, Z.S., Mele, B.S., Roberts, D.J., & Holroyd-Leduc, J. (2017). Depression Case Finding in Individuals with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(5), 937–948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14713
Huang, T.L., Zandi, P.P., Tucker, K.L., Fitzpatrick, A.L., Kuller, L.H., Fried, L.P., … Carlson, M.C. (2005). Benefits of fatty fish on dementia risk are stronger for those without APOE epsilon4. Neurology, 65(9), 1409–1414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000183148.34197.2e
Kalmbach, D.A., Pillai, V., Cheng, P., Arnedt, J.T., & Drake, C.L. (2015). Shift work disorder, depression, and anxiety in the transition to rotating shifts: The role of sleep reactivity. Sleep Medicine, 16(12), 1532–1538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.007
Mondini, S., Madella, I., Zangrossi, A., Bigolin, A., Tomasi, C., Michieletto, M., … Mapelli, D. (2016). Cognitive reserve in dementia: Implications for cognitive training. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 8(APR), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00084
Nasreddine, Z.S., Phillips, N.A., Bedirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., … Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool For Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
Nucci, M., Mapelli, D., & Mondini, S. (2012). Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq): a new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(3), 218–226.
Olesen, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Wittchen, H.-U., Jönsson, B., CDBE2010 study group, & European Brain Council. (2012). The economic cost of brain disorders in Europe. European Journal of Neurology, 19(1), 155–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03590.x
Perini, G., Ramusino, M. C., Sinforiani, E., Bernini, S., Petrachi, R., & Costa, A. (2019). Cognitive impairment in depression: Recent advances and novel treatments. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 15, 1249–1258. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S199746
Qiu, C., Kivipelto, M., & von Strauss, E. (2009). Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 11(2), 111–128. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585947
Roberts, R.O., Geda, Y.E., Knopman, D.S., Christianson, T.J.H., Pankratz, V.S., Boeve, B.F., … Petersen, R.C. (2008). Association of Duration and Severity of Diabetes Mellitus With Mild Cognitive Impairment. Archives of Neurology, 65(8), 1066–1073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.65.8.1066
Skoog, I., & Gustafson, D. (2003). Hypertension, hypertension-clustering factors and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurological Research, 25(6), 675–680. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/016164103101201986
Snowdon, D.A. (2003). Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(5 II), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_2-200309021-00014
Steffener, J., & Stern, Y. (2012). Exploring the neural basis of cognitive reserve in aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Basis of Disease, 1822(3), 467–473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.09.012
Stenberg, J., Håberg, A. K., Follestad, T., Olsen, A., Iverson, G. L., Terry, D.P., … Vik, A. (2019). Cognitive Reserve Moderates Cognitive Outcome After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.08.477
Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 8(3), 448–460. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939702
Stern, Y., Arenaza-Urquijo, E.M., Bartrés-Faz, D., Belleville, S., Cantilon, M., Chetelat, G., … Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup. (2018). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219
Visentini, C., Cassidy, M., Bird, V.J., & Priebe, S. (2018, December 1). Social networks of patients with chronic depression: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 241, 571–578. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.022
Yesavage, J.A., & Sheikh, J.I. (1986). 9/Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Clinical Gerontologist, 5(1-2), 165–173.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
